Summer 2001 and Revised 6 Apr 2001
We found the following partial list of medieval occupations on the internet. If you know of any not included in this list or have corrections, please let me know.
ACATER - supplied food provisions, e.g. a ships chandler ACCIPITRARY - falconer ACCOMPTANT - accountant ACCOUCHEUR / ACCOUCHEUS - one who assisted women in childbirth ACCOUTREMENT MAKER / ACCOUTRE - supplier of military accessories ACKERMAN / ACREMAN - ploughman, an oxherder ACTUARY - kept public accounts of business ADMINISTRATOR - directed the affairs of another ADVERTISEMENT CONVEYANCER - sandwich board man ADVOCATE DEPUTE - Scottish law officer who could act a public prosecutor ADVOWEE - normally a nobleman, who had the right to present a clergyman to a benefice AERONAUT - balloonist or a trapeze artist in the circus or music halls AFFEEROR - official in the manorial courts who assessed the monetary penalty and also collected taxes and dues and were also called Assessor AGISTER - official of the Royal Forests or in the New Forest it is the title for the one in charge of the ponies ALABASTERER - worked with alabaster ALBLASTERE - crossbow man ALCHEMIST - medieval chemist who claimed to be able to turn base metals into gold ALDERMAN - senior councillor one position down from Mayor in the local council ALE-CONNER / ALE FOUNDER - official who tested quality and measure of ale served in public houses ALE DRAPER - seller of ale ALE TASTER - tested ale and beer for quality first recored in 1377 in London. Appointed by the Manor and forerunner of the Inspector for Weights & Measures ALE TUNNER - employed by the brewery to fill ale casks (tuns} with ale ALEWIFE - woman who keeps an alehouse or tavern ALL SPICE - name for a grocer ALMANAC MAN - official appointed by the Court of Sewers who warned the inhabitants of the Trent River area of higher than normal tides ALMONER - gave out alms or charity to the poor on behalf of the parish ALMSMAN - received alms ALNAGER - official who examined the quality of woolen goods and stamped them with the town seal of approval AMANUENSIS - secretary or stenographer AMBER CUTTER - cut ambergris AMBER & JET CUTTER - cut and polished amber for jewelry AMBLER - officer of the Royal Stable who broke in horses AMEN MAN - parish clerk ANCHOR SMITH - made anchors ANCHORESS - female hermit or religious recluse ANCHORITE - male hermit or religious recluse ANILEPMAN - smallholder (tenant of the manor) ANGLE IRON SMITH - made angle iron ie. flat iron bars bent at right angles lengthways ANKLE BEATER - young person who helped to drive the cattle to market ANNATTO MAKER - worked in the manufacture of dyes for paint or printing ANTIGROPELOS MAKER - made waterproof leggings ANVIL SMITH - made anvils and hammers for blacksmiths APIARIAN - beekeeper APOTHECARY - prepared and sold medicines or drugs; pharmacist APPARITOR - official who summoned witnesses in the ecclesiastical courts APPRENTICE - was bound to a skilled worker for a specified time to learn a trade APRONEER - term used in London for a shopkeeper APRONMAN - mechanic AQUARIUS (EWAR) - waterman AQUAVITA SELLER - sold alcohol ARCHIATOR - physician ARCHIL MAKER - made a violet dye from lichens, used in the textile industry ARKWRIGHT - skilled craftsman who produced "arks" (wooden chests or coffers) ARMIGER - squire who carried the armour of a knight ARMOURER - made suits of armour or plates of armour for buildings or ships etc. ARTIFICER - soldier mechanic who does repairs ASHMAN - dustman ASSAYER - determined the proportions of metal in ore ASSAY MASTER - determined the amount of gold or silver to go in coins AUGER MAKER - made the carpenters augers (used for boring holes in wood) AULNAGER - see Alnager AURIFABER - goldsmith AVENATOR (PLANTIFENE) - hay and forage merchant AVOWRY - term for the lord of the manor AXEL TREE MAKER / AXEL TREE TURNER - made axels for coaches and wagons BACKMAKER - made "backs", vats, tubs, a Cooper BACKMANN / BACKSTER / BAXTER / BECK / BECKER - baker BACK'US BOY - kitchen servant (from "back of the house") BACK WASHER - employed to clean the wool in the worsted manufacturing industry BADGER - licensed pauper who wore a badge with the letter P on it and could only work in a defined area (the term "Badgering comes from this"). A corn miller or dealer or an itinerant food trader BADGY FIDDLER - boy trumpeter in the military BAGMAN - travelling salesman BAGNIOKEEPER - n charge of a bath house or brothel BAILIFF / BAILIE / BAILLIE / BAILLEE - officer of the sheriff, a land steward acting on behalf of the Landowner or Landlord and in Scotland a magistrate of the burgh, also looked after the fishing rights on certain rivers BAIRMAN / BAREMAN - pauper or beggar BALER - bales hay and in the mills one who bailed wool or cotton goods BALISTER - archer most commonly a crossbowman BALLAST HEAVER - loaded ballast into the hold of empty ships BALLARD MASTER - in charge of loading the ballast into the hold of empty ships BALLER / BALLER UP - assisted the potter by measuring out the balls of clay BAL MAIDEN - female mine worker who worked on the surface (also a Pit Brow Lass) BAND FILER - metal worker in the gun making industry BANDSTER - bound the wheat sheaves after harvest BANG BEGGAR - officer of the parish who controlled the length of stay of any stranger to the parish BANKER - dug trenches and ditches to allow drainage of the land, placing the surplus earth in banks around the edge BANKSMAN - employed in the mining industry being in charge of the cages at the pit head (sometimes known as a bank manager) BARBER / BARBER SURGEON - a barber also also a surgeon (an Act was passed that limited Barbers to hair-cutting, shaving, dentistry and blood letting in the 18th century) BARD - poet or minstral BAREMAN - beggar or pauper BARGEE / BARGEMAN - worked on or owned and operated a barge BARGE MATE - Naval officer BARILLA MANUFACTURER - made barilla, a substance obtained from burning saltworts, the resulting mixture of sodium salts being used in the glass and ceramics industry BARKEEPER - another name for a tollkeeper BARKER - tanner BAUER - farmer BAXTER - baker BELHOSTE - tavern keeper. BARTONER - in charge of the monastic farm, also known as a barton BASIL WORKER - worked with sheep and goat skins BASKETMAN - made baskets and furniture from wicker, and also employed to empty the basket of coal being offloaded from the colliers into the barges BASS / BAST DRESSER - employed in dressing fibre or matting BATHING MACHINE PROPRIETOR - owned and hired the changing huts used at the seaside in the by bathers BATMAN - officers servant in the army BATT MAKER - made the wadding used in quilt and mattress making BATTLEDORE MAKER - made the beaters used on clothes carpets etc to remove the dust (later made the paddles used in washing machines) BAYWEAVER - who wove bay (a fine woollen fabric also known as baize) BEADLE / BEDEL / BEDELL - officer of the parish whose principle duty was to keep order, also was the town crier BEADMAN / BEADSMAN / BEDESMAN - employed to pray for his employer, inhabitant of an almshouse / poorhouse / hospital or tenant employed by the manor for a specific service BEAD PIERCER - employed to drill the holes in beads BEAMER - winds the warp on the roller before putting it on the loom in the textile industry BEARER - worked undergrpound carrying the coal to the bottom of the pit shaft and placed it in the containers for uplifting to the surface BEATER - cleansed and thickened the cloth by treading it underwater with fullers earth (aka Fuller) BEAVER - made felt used in hat making BEDMAN - sexton BEDRAL - in Scotland a minor church official BEDWEVERE - made the webbing for bed frames and also a one who wove quilts BEESKEPMAKER - made beehives BEETLER - operated a beetling machine, used in the textile trade for embossing fabric BELLEYETERE - bellfounder BELLFOUNDER / BELTER / BILLITER - made bells BELL HANGER - installed bells in churches BELLMAN - employed as a watchman or town crier or who worked for the post office and collected letters for the mail coach by walking the streets and ringing a bell BELLOWFARMER - responsible for the care and maintenance of the church organ BELLOWS MAKER - made bellows used for organs or blacksmiths fires BELLY BUILDER - built and fitted the interiors of pianos BENDER - cut leather BESSWARDEN - appointed by the parish to look after its animals BESOM MAKER - made brooms BIDDY - female servant usually of Irish stock BILLIER / BILLYMAN - operated a Billy Roller, a machine used in the cotton industry to prepare the cotton for spinning BILL POSTER - put up notices, signs and advertisements BINDER - bound items, e.g., books, hats etc . BIRD BOY - employed to scare away birds from crops BIRD CATCHER - caught birds for selling BIRDS NEST SELLER - sold bird nests collected from the wild complete with eggs which were then hatched by domestic birds and sold as pets BIRLYMAN - in Scotland a ground officer or parish arbiter BLACK TRAY MAKER - made Japanned trays BLACKING MAKER - made polish for shoes BLACK BORDERER - made black edged stationery for funerals BLADESMITH - swordmaker or knife maker BLAXTER / BLEACHER - bleached cloth or paper pulp BLEMMERE - plumber BLENTONIST - water diviner BLINDSMAN - employed by the Post Office to deal with incorrectly addressed letters and parcels BLOCKCUTTER / BLOCKER - made wooden blocks used in the hat trade or laid down the blocks on which a ships keel was laid BLOCK MAKER - engraved the blocks used in the printin BLOCK PRINTER - printer who used wooden blocks for printing BLOODMAN / BLOODLETTER - used leeches for letting blood, this was thought to be a cure for many ailments BLOOMER - produced iron from ore, a bloom smithy BLOWER - glass blower, one who operated a "blowing machine" used to clean and separate fibres in the textile trade, one who operated the bellows at a blacksmiths BLOWFEEDER - fed the fibres into a "blowing machine" BLUESTOCKING - female writer BLUFFER - innkeeper or landlord of a pub BOARDING OFFICER - inspected ships before entering port BOARDMAN - truant officer who checked school attendance. a tenant of manorial land who paid rent by maintaining the manor's table BOARDWRIGHT - made tables and chairs aka carpenter BOATMAN - worked on a boat, predominately on rivers and canals also the name given to a boat repairer BOATSWAIN - ship's officer in charge of riggings & sails BOBBER - who polished metals one who helped to unload fishing boats BOBBIN CARRIER - worked in spinning and weaving sections of the mills BOBBIN TURNER - made the bobbins used in the spinning and weaving industry BOBBY - policeman usually of constable rank BODEYS / BODY MAKER - made bodices for womens garments BODGER - craftsman who made wooden chair legs and the spars and usually worked in the actual woodland that they cut the timber in BOILERMAKER - worked with metal in any industrial setting BOILER PLATER - made rolled iron plate used to make boilers for steam engines etc BOLL - looked after power looms in the weaving industry BOLTER - sifted meal BONDAGER - female worker on a farm who was bonded BONDMAN - bonded to a master for the purpose of learning a skill or trade BONDSMAN - stood bond or surety for another where a bond was required by law BONE BUTTON TURNER - made buttons using a lathe BONE LACE MAKER - made pillow lace BONE MOULD TURNER - made the moulds for button manufacturers BONE PICKER - collected rags and bones aka Rag and Bone Man BONESETTER - set broken bones BONIFACE - keeper of an inn BOOK GILDER - decorated books with gold leaf BOOKHOLDER - prompter in the theater BOOK KEEPER - looked after the accounts for businesses BOOKMAN - student BOONMASTER - surveyor of roads with the responsibilities of maintaining and repairing the road BOOTBINDER - employed to operate the machines which bound footware BOOT CATCHER - servant at inn who pulled off traveler's boots BOOT CLOSER - worked in the shoe trade stitching together all the parts of a shoe upper BOOTHMAN - corn merchant BORLER - who made cheap coarse clothing BORSHOLDER - regional name (Kent) for a constable BOTCHER - tailor or cobbler BOTTILER / BOTTLER - made leather containers for holding liquids eg wine flasks or water bottles BOTTLE BOY - pharmacists assistant BOTTOM MAKER - moulded the bottoms for saggers in the pottery industry BOTTOM KNOCKER - sagger makers assistant in the pottery industry BOTTOMER - worked down the pits moving the ore etc to the bottom of the shaft for removal BOWDLER - worked with iron ore BOWKER - bleached yarn. A local term in some parts of Lancashire for a butcher BOWLER - made bowls and dishes and also a term used for those who made the rounded part of spoons before casting BOWLMAN / BOWLWOMAN - dealer in crockery BOWLMINDER - in charge of the vats used for washing raw wool before processing BOWYER / BOWER - made bows used in archery BOZZLER - parish constable BRABENER - weaver BRACHYGRAPHER - shorthand writer BRAIDER - made cord by twisting threads or strips of leather BRAILLER - made girdles BRAKEMAN / BRAKESMAN - operated the winch at the pit head or operated the braking mechanism on trains and trams BRASILER - dyer BRAZIER - worker with brass BREWSTER - female brewer or brewer BRIGHTSMITH - metal worker BROOM SQUIRE - broom maker BROTHERER / BROWDERER / BRODERER / BROIDERER - embroiderer BROW GIRL - female employed at the pit head BROWNSMITH - works with copper or brass BUCKLER / BUCKLESMITH - made buckles BUCKLE TONGUE MAKER - made the metal points that go in the holes of a belt BUCKRAM MAKER - worked with buckram (used in stiffening materials) e.g. belts, lapels and collars BUCK WASHER - laundress BUDDLEBOY - employed to use and maintain the vats used in the lead and tin mines for washing the ore BUFFALO SOLDIER - soldier serving in a black regiment in the US Army in the West BULLWHACKER - oxen driver BUMBOAT MAN - met ships at anchor with goods for passengers and crew to purchase BUMMER - army deserter BUMMAREE - middle man between the wholesaler and the retailer at the fish markets BUNTER - female rag & bone collector BURGESS - represented a borough at official levels BURELER - made borel, a woollen cloth with a coarse feel BURGOMASTER - mayor BURLER - quality inspector for clothing BURMAIDEN - chambermaid or lady-in-waiting BURNEMAN - carrier of barm or water for brewers BURYE MAN - grave digger BUSHEL MAKER - cooper BUSHELER - tailor's helper BUSS MAKER - maker of guns BUSKER - hair dresser BUTNER - button maker BUTTER CARVER - made imprints in butter pats BUTTON BURNISHER - button polisher BUTTY - negotiated mining contracts and supplied the labor CADDY BUTCHER - butcher that dealt in horse meat CADDIE - messenger or errand boy CADGER - beggar CAFENDER - carpenter CAFFLER - rag and bone collector CAINER - made walking sticks CAIRD - another term for a tinker CALCINER - burnt bones to make powdered lime CALENDER - one who listed documents CALENDERER / CALENDERMAN / CALENDER WORKER - operated a machine which pressed using two large rollers (calender) used to press and finish fabrics or paper CALICO PRINTER - dyed and colored calico CAMBRIC MAKER - made a fine linen or cotton fabric called cambric CAMISTER - minister of the cloth CANDLE MAKER / CANDLER - who made and sold candles CAMBIST - banker CAMERIST - lady's maid CAMLET MERCHANT - seller of camlet, cloth used to make cloaks & petticoats CANDY MAN - traveling candy salesman and also slang name for a baliff CANCELLARIUS - chancellor CANER / CHAIR BOTTOMER - one who made the seats for chairs out of woven cane CANNALLER - canal boat worker CANTER - religious speaker who uses cant CANT`ING CALLER - auctioneer CANVASER - one who made canvas CAPER - cap maker CAPILLAIRE MAKER - one who made orange flavored syrup CAPITALIST - investor CAPPER / CAP MAKER - made caps usually worn by the working class CAPTAIN - in charge of a ship or a group of soldiers and also term for an overseer CARDROOMER - term for anyone who worked in the carding room of the mills CARDER - cards wool CARDMAKER - maker of cards or instruments for combing wool CARMAN / CHARMAN / CARTER / CARRIER - one who drove a vehicle used to transport goods CARD NAILER / NAILORA - maintained the teeth (nails) on the carding machine used for preparing wool and cotton for weaving CARNIFEX - butcher CARPENTARIUS - carpenter CART WHEELER - one who made cart wheels CARTOGRAPHER - map maker CARTOMANCER - fortune teller who used cards CARTWRIGHT - maker of carts & wagons CASHMARIE - one who sold fish usually at inland markets CASTER / CASTORA - made small bottles used for sprinkling salt, pepper, sugar etc CASTRATOR - who castrated farm animals aka gelder CATAGMAN - cottager CATCHPOLE / CATCHPOLLA - sheriff's assistance or bailiff CATECHISTA - teacher of religion CATTLE JOBBER - buys and sells cattle CAULKER - filled up cracks (in ships or windows) or seams to make them watertight CEILER - puts up the ceilings in buildings CELLARMAN - looked after the beer, wines and spirits in public houses or the warehouse CEMMER - hand combed the yarn before weaving CHAFF CUTTER - made chaff by cutting straw CHAFFERER - dealer in chaff CHAIR BODGER - traveling chair repairman CHAISE MAKER - made carts from wicker CHALONER - dealer in shalloon, a material made in Chlons CHAMBERLAIN - steward to either royalty or nobility, in charge of the household CHAMBERMAID - female servant attending to bedrooms in houses or inns CHAMBER MASTER - shoemaker that worked from home as an outworker or \ selling direct CHAUNTER - street entertainer who sung ballads CHEESE FACTOR / CHEESEMAN / CHEESE MONGER - dealer in cheeses CHANDLER - candle seller, grocer, provisioner, usually associated with provisioning ships CHANTY MAN - sailor that led the singing of shanties on board ship CHAPELER - made and sold hats CHAPMAN / COPEMAN / PETTY CHAPMAN / CEAPMAN - dealer or peddler of goods usually itinerant going from village to village. CHARCOAL BURNER - made charcoal usually in the woods where the trees were cut CHARTMASTER - middleman that negotiated mining contracts and suppiled the labour CHARWOMAN - cleaning woman CHATELAINE - mistress of a castle or house CHIFFONIER - wig maker or ragpicker CHILDBED LINEN WAREHOUSE KEEPER / DEALER - hired bedlinen for childbirth as most children were born at home CHIMNEY SWEEP - chimney cleaner CHINGLOR - rooftiler who used wooden shingles CHIP - shipwright or carpenter CHIPPERS LABOURER - assistant to a shipwright or ships carpenter CHIROPODIST - treats diseases of the feet & hands CHIRUGION or CHIRURGEON - apothecary or surgeon CHOWDER - fish monger CHRONOLOGIST - recorded official events of historical importance CINDER WENCH - female who collected the cinders from gas works and sold them door to door CLAKER - magician/astrologer CLAPMAN - town crier CLARK - clerk CLASSMAN - unemployed laborer CLAVIGER - servant CLAY CARRIER - assistant to the shot firer in the pits CLAYMAN / CLEYMAN - worked in the clay pits usually preparing the clay for making bricks and also one who coated the outside of buildings with clay to make them water proof CLERICUS - clerk CLERK - clergyman or cleric CLICKER - worked in the shoe trade cutting out the uppers made the shoelace holes and one in charge of the final stage of layout before printing in printing industry CLIPPER / CLIPPER ON / CLIPPER OFF - attached the coal carts to the wire or rope which was used to drag the carts to and from the coal face CLOD HOPPER - plowman CLOGGER - maker of wooden shoes CLOTH LAPPER - took the cloth from the carding machine readied it for the next process CLOTH LINTER / CLOTH PICKER - removed unwanted threads and lint from the finished material CLOTHIER / CLOTHESMAN / CLOTHMAN - who made or sold clothes CLOUTER / CLOWER - made nails also another term for a shoemaker for the former term COACHMAN / COACH DRIVER - drove any coach COAL BACKER - carried the sacks of coal from the coal barge to the coal wagons COAL BURNER - made charcoal COAL DRAWER - worked in the mines pushing or dragging the coal carts the the bottom of the pit COAL HEAVER - unloaded coal COALMAN / COAL MERCHANT / COAL HIGGLER - sold coal usually from a horse and cart, house to house. COALMETER - measured the coal COAL RUNNER - attended the coal carts underground COAL WHIPPER - unloaded coal from ships using baskets attached to a simple form of crane COAST SURVEYOR / WAITER - customs officer who watched over the ofloading off goods on the coast COBBLER - shoemaker COBLEMAN - used a flat bottomed boat for fishing COCUS - cook COD PLACER - put fire proof containers which held the pottery for firing into the kiln COINER - worked at the mint stamping out coins COLLAR MAKER - made horse collars and one who made shirt collars COLLIER - coal miner, a coal merchant or one who worked on the coal barges COLONUS - Latin for farmer or husbandman COLPORTEUR - traveling Bible or religious book salesman COLOURATOR / COLORATORA - worked with dyes COLOUR MAN - mixed the dyes in the textile trade and also assistant to a house painter COMBER or COMBERE - combs wool COMB MAKER - made combs either for the textile industry for combing wool etc. or the maker of hair combs COMPOSITOR - set the type ready for printing CONDER / CONNER - gave steering instructions to the steersman and also gave directions to inshore fisherman of fish movements on shoals (usually from the top of cliffs or rocks) CONEY CATCHER - rabbit catcher CONFECTIONER - candy maker CONNER - inspector or tester COOPER or CUPER - maker of barrels COPEMAN / COPER - dealer in goods and also dishonest dealer in horses in the latter case COPPERBEATER / COPPERBETER - coppersmith COPPERSMITH - worked with copper CORACLE MAKER - made coracles, a small round boat used for fishing CORDINER / CORDWAINER / CORVINER / CORVISOR - originally term used for one who worked with Cordovan (a special leather from Spain) but later term used for shoemaker COSTERMONGER - fruit seller COSTER WIFE - female fruit seller COTILER - cutler COUPER - one who buys & sells COURANTEER - journalist COWHERD - cow tender COXWAIN - ship or boat helmsman CRIER - law court officer, auctioneer, town announcer CRIMPER - member of navy press gang CROFTER - tenant of a small piece of land CROPPER - tenant who is paid with a share of the crop CROWNER - coroner CUHREUR (CUNREUR) - currier CURER - cures tobacco CURRETTER - broker CURRIER - cures or tans hides CUSTOMER - customs tax collector CUTLER - knife seller or sharpener DAGUERREOTYPE ARTIST - early name for a photographer (from the Daguerreotype method) DAIRYMAN - worker or owner of a dairy farm or seller of dairy products DAMSTER - builder of dams for logging purposes DANTER - female overseer in the winding rooms of a silk mill DATELER / DAY MAN / DAYTALEMAN - casual worker, usually employed by the day DEATHSMAN - executioner DECIMER / DOZENER - elected by the householders in a street to act as their representative at the borough's Court Leet DECOYMAN - employed to decoy the wild fowl, animals etc into a trap or within shooting range DECRETIST - knowledgeable in decrees, decretals DEEMER / DEEMSTER / DEMSTER / DEMPSTER - judge, usually in the Channel Isles or Isle of Man DELVER - dug ditches DEPATER - precious metal refiner DEPUTY - safety officer for the pit crew in the mining industry DERRICKMAN - worked on an oil well handling the tubes and rods used in drilling DEVIL - printer's errand boy DEVILLER - operated the devil, a machine that tore rags used in the textile industry DEXTER - dyer DEY WIFE - female dairy worker DEXTER - dyer DIKEMAN / DYKEMAN - hedger or ditcher DIPPER - who worked in the pottery trade and was responsible for the glazing of items DISHER / DISH THROWER - who made bowls and dishes DISH TURNER - who made wooden bowls or dishes DISTILLER - maker of alcoholic beverages DISTRIBUTOR - parish official attached to the workhouse / poorhouse who looked after the secular needs of the poor DOCKER / DOCK WALLOPER - dock worker, longshoreman DOCK MASTER - in charge of a dockyard DOG LEECH - veterinarian DOMESMAN - judge DOMESTIC - household servant DONKEY BOY / DONKEY MAN - driver of a carriage for passengers DOOR KEEPER - guard, janitor, or porter DOUBLER - who operated a machine used to twist together strands of fibre (cotton, wool etc) DOWSER / DIVINER - water finder DRAGMAN - fisher man who fished by dragging a net along the bottom of the water DRAGOMAN - who acted as interpreter or guide in Turkish or Arabic DRAGSMAN - driver of a small stage coach or carriage used for public transport or private hire DRAGOON - mounted infantryman DRAINER - who made drains DRAPER - dealer in fabrics and sewing needs DRAWBOY - weavers assistant in the shawl making mills , they sat atop the looms and lifted the heavy warps. DRAYMAN - cart driver DREDGERMAN - one who in a boat to collect the bits and pieces that had fallen overboard from other vessels which then were sold (London occupation) DRESSER - one who dresses another, surgeon's assistant and also one who operated a machine which prepared threads in the textile industry DRESSING MACHINE MAKER - who made sewing machines DRIFT MAKERA - who made drift nets, used in the fishing industry DRIPPING
If you have any information about the folks mentioned in this article, please contact us at dewald@prenticenet.com and please include the title and date of this article.
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